BLOOD GROUP PHENOTYPES

Alloantibodies causing haemolytic transfusion reactions or haemolytic disease in the fetus and newborn are dependent on the frequency with which alloantigens and alloantibodies occur.

Major Blood Group Phenotypes and their Frequencies (1–3)
No	Blood Group System [Symbol]	Phenotype	% Frequency	No	Blood Group System [Symbol]	Phenotype	% Frequency
001	ABO [ABO]	A1	29.7	014	Dombrock [DO]**	Do(a+b–)	18
		A2	9.3			Do(a–b+)	33
		B	11.4			Do(a+b+)	49
		O	46.1			Gy(a–)	Rare
		A1B	2.3	015	Colton	Co(a+b–)	92.0
		A2B	1.2			Co(a–b+)	0.2
002	MNS [MNS]	MMSS	6.0			Co(a+b+)	7.8
		MMss	9.1	016	Landsteiner-Wiener [LW]**	LW(a+b–)	97
		MMSs	14.4			LW(a–b+)	Rare
		MNSS	3.0			LW(a+b+)	3
		MNss	23.3	017	Chido/Rogers [CH/RG]**	Chido phenotype
		MNSs	22.7			CH/RG: 1,2,3	88.2
		NNSS	0.4			CH/RG: 1,–2,3	4.9
		NNss	15.6			CH/RG: 1,2,–3	3.1
		NNSs	5.5			CH/RG: –1,–2,–3	3.8
003	P [P]	P1+	74.8			CH/RG: –1,2,-3	Rare
		P1–	25.2			CH/RG: 1,–2,–3	Rare
004	Rh [RH]	See Rhesus phenotypes				Rodgers phenotype
005	Lutheran [LU]	Lu(a+b–)	0.2			CH/RG: 11,12	95
		Lu(a–b+)	92.3			CH/RG: 11,–12	3
		Lu(a+b+)	7.5			CH/RG: –11,–12	2
		Lu(a–b–)	Rare	018	H [H]	H	High incidence
006	Kell [KEL]	K– k+	90.9	019	Kx [XK]	Kx	High incidence
		K+ k–	0.4	020	Gerbich [GE]**	Ge:2,3,4	>99.9
		K+ k+	8.7			Ge:–2,3,4 (Yus type)	Rare
		Kp(a+b–)	<0 .1="" p="">			Ge:–2,–3,4 (Gerbich type)	Rare
		Kp(a–b+)	97.8			Ge:–2,–3,–4 (Leach)	Rare
		Kp(a+b+)	2.2	021	Cromer [CROM]	Cra, Tca, Dra, Esa	High Incidence
007	Lewis [LE]	Le(a+b–)	22.4			Tcb, Tcc, WESa	Low incidence
		Le(a–b+)	72.3	022	Knops [KN]**	Kn(a+b–)	94.5
		Le(a–b–)	5.3			Kn(a–b+)	1
008	Duffy [FY]	Fy(a+b–)	19.7			Kn(a+b+)	4.5
		Fy(a–b+)	32.7			McC(a+)	98
		Fy(a+b+)	47.6			Sl(a+)	98
009	Kidd [JK]	Jk(a+b–)	26.3			Yk(a+)	92
		Jk(a–b+)	23.6	023	Indian [IN]**	In(a+b–)	Rare
		Jk(a+b+)	50.1			In(a–b+)	99.9
010	Diego [DI]**	Di(a+b–)	<0 .01="" p="">			In(a+b+)	<0 .1="" td="">
		Di(a-b+)	>99.9	024	Ok [OK]**	Ok(a+)	100
		Di(a+b+)	<0 .1="" p="">			Ok(a–)	Rare
		Wr(a+)	<0 .1="" p="">	025	Raph [RAPH]	MER2
		Wr(b+)	High incidence	026	John Milton Hagen [JMH]	JMH	High incidence
011	Yt [YT]**	Yt(a+b–)	91.9	027	I [I]	I	High incidence
		Yt(a–b+)	0.3	028	Globoside [GLOB]	P	High incidence
		Yt(a+b+)	7.8	029	Gill [GIL]	GIL	High incidence
012	Xg [XG]**	Xg(a+)	Male         65.6 Female   88.7		Antigen Collections**	Csa  / Csb Vel / ABTI	95 / 34 Both >99
		Xg(a–)	Male         34.4 Female   11.3		Low incidence antigens (700 series)	By, Chra, Bi, Bxa, Pta, Rea etc.	<1 td="">
013	Scianna [SC]**	Sc:1,–2	99		High incidence antigens (901 series)	Lan, Ata, Jra, AnWj, Sda, Duclos etc.	>90
		Sc:–1,2	Rare
		Sc:1,2	1
		Sc:1,–2,Rd+	Rare
		Sc:1,2,Rd+	Rare
Note: Unless indicated, frequencies are based on blood group statistics of Australian blood donors; ** Frequency is based on Caucasian population.

DILUTION FACTOR

I was really get confused what DILUTING is about...
Some problems when they come to calculate & determine analytically related to dilution factor, I'm getting pissed off! hoho
Sorry, I suddenly become emo... haha
Okay, now I just found this article that explain about it...
Let's check it out~~~

Aliquot: a measured sub-volume of original sample.

Diluent: material with which the sample is diluted

Dilution factor (DF): ratio of final volume/aliquot volume (final volume = aliquot + diluent)

Concentration factor (CF): ratio of aliquot volume divided by the final volume (inverse of the dilution factor)
 

To calculate a dilution factor:

Remember that the dilution factor is the final volume/aliquot volume.

EXAMPLE: What is the dilution factor if you add 0.1 mL aliquot of a specimen to 9.9 mL of diluent?

1.  The final volume is equal the the aliquot volume plus the diluent volume:  0.1 mL + 9.9 mL = 10 mL
2. The dilution factor is equal to the final volume divided by the aliquot volume: 10 mL/0.1 mL = 1:100 dilution (10 ²)

The Concentration Factor for this problem = aliquot volume/final volume = 0.1/(0.1 + 9.9) = 0.01 or 10 ^-2 concentration
 

To prepare a desired volume of solution of a given dilution:

1. Calculate the volume of the aliquot: it is equal either to

• the final volume/dilution factor

or

• the concentration factor x final volume

2. Calculate the volume of the diluent: which is equal to (the final volume - aliquot volume)

3. Measure out the correct volume of diluent, add the correct volume of aliquot to it, mix.

EXAMPLE:  How would you prepare 20 mL of a 1:50 dilution?

1. Determine required aliquot by dividing final volume by dilution factor:  20 mL/50 = 0.4 mL sample
2. Subtract the aliquot volume from the final volume:  20 mL - 0.4 mL = 19.6 mL diluent
3. Measure out 19.4 mL diluent, add 0.4 mL sample to it, mix thoroughly

MUSCLE STRAIN PREVENTION & TREATMENT

Prevention

• Warm up before participating in sports and activities.
• Follow an exercise program aimed at stretching and strengthening your muscles.
• Increase the intensity of your training program gradually. Never push yourself too hard, too soon.
• Maintain a healthy body weight. Obesity can stress muscles, especially in your legs and back.
• Practice good posture when you sit and stand.
• Use the correct technique when you lift heavy loads. 

Treatment

If you have a Grade I or Grade II strain, your doctor will ask you to follow the RICE rule:

• Rest the injured muscle (and take a temporary break from sports activities).
• Ice the injured area to reduce swelling.
• Compress the muscle with an elastic bandage.
• Elevate the injured area.

To help relieve muscle pain and swelling, your doctor may suggest that you take acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others). For someone with a painful back strain that does not improve with NSAIDs or acetaminophen (Tylenol), prescription pain medications or muscle relaxants may be appropriate.

If you have a severe Grade II or Grade III strain, your doctor may refer you to an orthopedic specialist. Depending on the severity and location of your muscle strain, the orthopedist may immobilize the injured muscle in a cast for several weeks or repair it surgically.

Mild strains may heal quickly on their own, but more severe strains may require a rehabilitation program.

MUSCLE STRAIN

Muscle strain -- or muscle pull or even a muscle tear -- implies damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put undue pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities, with sudden heavy lifting, during sports, or while performing work tasks.

In mild cases, only a few muscle fibers are stretched or torn, and the muscle remains intact and strong. In severe cases, however, the strained muscle may be torn and unable to function properly. To help simplify diagnosis and treatment, doctors often classify muscle strains into three grades, depending on the severity of muscle fiber damage:

• Grade I strain. In this mild strain, only a few muscle fibers are stretched or torn. Although the injured muscle is tender and painful, it has normal strength.



• Grade II strain. This is a moderate strain, with a greater number of injured fibers and more severe muscle pain and tenderness. There is also mild swelling, noticeable loss of strength and sometimes a bruise.



• Grade III strain. This strain tears the muscle all the way through, sometimes causing a "pop" sensation as the muscle rips into two separate pieces or shears away from its tendon. Grade III strains are serious injuries that cause complete loss of muscle function, as well as considerable pain, swelling, tenderness and discoloration. Because Grade III strains usually cause a sharp break in the normal outline of the muscle, there may be an obvious "dent" or "gap" under the skin where the ripped pieces of muscle have come apart. 

Symptoms

Symptoms of muscle strain include:

• Muscle pain and tenderness, especially after an activity that stretches or violently contracts the muscle -- Pain usually increases when you move the muscle but is relieved by rest.
• Muscle swelling, discoloration or both bruising or redness, or open cuts due to the injury

 

• Muscle cramp or spasm 
• Pain at rest 

• Either a decrease in muscle strength or (in Grade III strains) a complete loss of muscle function
• A pop in the muscle at the time of injury

 

• A gap, dent or other defect in the normal outline of the muscle (in Grade III strain)  
• Weakness of the muscle or tendons (A sprain, in contrast, is an injury to a joint and its ligaments.)

Seeking Medications


If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor.
If you hear a "popping" sound with the injury, cannot walk, or there is significant swelling, pain, fever, or open cuts, you should be examined in a hospital's emergency department.

Medical doctor @ physical therapists note your symptoms and past medical history, your doctor will examine you, checking for muscle tenderness, spasm, weakness and decreased muscle movement.

X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be helpful.

  

If you have back pain, your doctor may order additional tests to check for a urinary tract infection or a problem involving the vertebrae (backbones), vertebral disks, spinal canal or spinal cord.